Lens comprising a plurality of optical element disposed in a housing

ABSTRACT

The invention relates to a lens comprising several optical elements that are disposed in a lens housing. At least one sensor array encompassing at least one capacitive sensor unit and/or at least one inductive sensor unit is provided for determining the relative position between a first optical element and a second optical element or between a load-bearing structural element of the lens and a second optical element.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of, and claims priority under 35 U.S.C. 120 to, U.S. application Ser. No. 14/227,107, filed Mar. 27, 2014, which is a continuation of, and claims priority under 35 U.S.C. 120 to, U.S. application Ser. No. 11/916,470, filed Nov. 10, 2010, which is a National Phase application under 35 U.S.C. §371 filed from International Patent Application Ser. No. PCT/EP2006/005855, filed on Jun. 19, 2006, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/692,080, filed Jun. 20, 2005. The contents of these applications are hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

The invention relates to a lens comprising a plurality of optical elements disposed in a housing. The invention likewise relates to a method for determining the relative position between a first optical element, which is fixedly connected to a lens housing, and an exchangeable terminating element, and to a method for positioning an exchangeable terminating element in a lens of this type.

In projection lenses, particularly for microlithography, it is advantageous for the terminating element, in particular a terminating lens or the like, to be made exchangeable on account of deteriorations in its optical properties which occur over time.

The need for an exchangeable terminating element is intensified further in immersion lithography described for example in WO 99/49504, that is to say lithography in which an immersion medium is situated between the terminating element of the lens and the wafer to be exposed.

The terminating element, particularly if it comprises calcium fluoride, for example, is very sensitive to the sometimes aggressive immersion medium, such that it needs to be protected. Nevertheless, for example as a result of interaction with further chemical additives in the immersion medium, contamination of the terminating element can occur, such that the latter is no longer able to provide its full optical power and has to be exchanged after some time. The contaminations from the resists on the wafer and contaminations from the system for continuously exchanging the immersion medium may also be causes of the need for an exchange.

Very stringent requirements are made of the terminating element of an immersion lithography lens with regard to accuracy and possible tolerances, thereby making it more difficult to exchange the terminating element.

Since the precise position of the terminating element, primarily also in projection lenses having a high numerical aperture, has a great influence on the image quality of the overall optical system, such an exchange process requires, particularly in the use environment, a high positioning accuracy (sub-μm range) in up to six degrees of freedom.

One known approach for achieving such high accuracies in positioning is for example to provide the holder of the terminating element with an actuator system for manipulating the terminating element in up to six degrees of freedom, wherein the terminating element is first preadjusted with coarse accuracy and afterward the deviations are measured with the aid of an image quality measuring system and corrected. However, an actuator system of this type entails disadvantages with regard to complexity and costs and primarily with regard to the performance of the optical system due to a reduced axial stiffness of the holder of the terminating element, which adversely affects the image quality.

It is desirable, therefore, to restrict the number of actuated degrees of freedom, for example to the z, rx and ry directions, if the terminating element can be positioned or fitted with a sufficiently high accuracy during exchange in the horizontal plane (x and y directions, that is to say perpendicular to the beam direction or to the optical axis z).

The present invention is therefore based on the object of providing a lens and method of the type mentioned in the introduction which enable a very high accuracy in the positioning of an optical element or an exchangeable terminating element, particularly in the x and y directions perpendicular to the beam direction or to the optical axis, wherein complicated and cost-intensive built-in actuator systems can be dispensed with.

This object is achieved according to the invention by means of a lens comprising a plurality of optical elements disposed in a lens housing, wherein at least one sensor arrangement comprising at least one capacitive sensor unit and/or at least one inductive sensor unit is provided for determining the relative position between a first optical element and a second optical element or between a load-bearing structural element of the lens and a second optical element.

The measures according to the invention provide, in a simple and advantageous and also cost-effective manner, a lens in which capacitive and/or inductive sensors are provided for determining the relative position between a first optical element and a second optical element or between a structural element of the lens and a second optical element. This stationary and contactless measuring system is cost-effective and very accurate. A complicated built-in actuator system in five degrees of freedom is not required since it is possible to determine the concentricity or the orientation in the x and y directions in the horizontal plane, i.e. perpendicular to the optical axis or the beam direction (z axis), by means of two cylindrical reference surfaces. Furthermore, a relative position determination between a structural element of the lens and the second optical element can also be effected by means of the capacitive and/or inductive sensor units. In the case of an exchange or in the case of a positioning of the second optical element, in particular of an exchangeable terminating element, this can now be carried out very precisely in the field, i.e. in the use environment of the lens, such that it is possible to achieve accuracies of 1 μm to 10 nm in the x or y direction. Obtaining such an accuracy by means of optical sensors is relatively complicated and difficult since this would necessitate a measurement along the entire periphery.

The determination of the relative position can be effected in the x and y directions in a horizontal plane perpendicular to the beam direction, in particular perpendicular to the optical axis (z axis) of the lens. Furthermore, it is possible to perform the relative position determination in the z direction and also in the rx and ry directions (that is to say rotation about the x axis and y axis).

It is advantageous if the load-bearing structural element of the lens is the lens housing.

As a result, a relative position determination can also be carried out directly between the lens housing and the second optical element. In particular, the lens housing can be provided with reference surfaces for this purpose.

The lens can be embodied as a projection lens for microlithography.

According to the invention, it may furthermore be provided that the at least one sensor arrangement has at least three capacitive sensor units.

In one structural configuration of the invention, it may be provided that the at least three capacitive sensor units are arranged at uniform distances around the first and/or the second optical element.

The second optical element can be embodied in exchangeable fashion. In particular, the second optical element can be an exchangeable terminating element of the lens. Furthermore, the first optical element can be an optical element arranged downstream of the exchangeable terminating element in the direction of the optical axis of the lens.

The first optical element can be fixedly connected to the lens housing.

It is advantageous if a first sensor arrangement and a second sensor arrangement are provided.

The first sensor arrangement and the second sensor arrangement can in each case have four capacitive sensor units.

Furthermore, it is advantageous if the first sensor arrangement is oriented relative to the lens, wherein the second sensor arrangement is disposed in a fixedly predetermined or precisely known position relative to the first sensor arrangement.

According to the invention, it may furthermore be provided that the at least one sensor arrangement is disposed on an electrically insulating substrate ring composed of a material having a low coefficient of thermal expansion.

In a development of the invention, it may be provided that the material is glass, ceramic, quartz or glass ceramic, in particular Zerodur or the like.

A method for determining the relative position between a first optical element, which is fixedly connected to a lens housing, and an exchangeable terminating element or between the lens housing and the exchangeable terminating element in a lens is furthermore specified, wherein

-   -   in a first step, the first sensor arrangement measures the         position of the first and of the second sensor arrangement         relative to the first optical element or to the lens housing,         after which     -   in a second step, the second sensor arrangement measures the         position of the terminating element relative to the second         sensor arrangement, and afterward     -   in a third step, the position of the terminating element         relative to the first optical element or to the lens housing is         determined from the measurement results.

Moreover, a method for positioning an exchangeable terminating element in a lens is specified, wherein the terminating element is positioned by means of a positioning device, which has force-controlled manipulators, in six degrees of freedom using a relative position—determined by the abovementioned method—of the terminating element with respect to the first optical element fixedly connected to the lens housing or with respect to the lens housing.

A projection exposure apparatus comprising an illumination system and comprising a lens according to the invention for producing semiconductor components and also a method for producing semiconductor components using such a projection exposure apparatus are specified in claims 19 and 20.

An embodiment of the invention is described in principle below with reference to the drawing.

In the figures:

FIG. 1 shows a basic illustration of a lens according to the invention for immersion lithography;

FIG. 2 shows a basic sectional view with a sensor arrangement, a terminating element and a penultimate optical element, in the beam direction, of a lens for immersion lithography;

FIG. 3 shows a basic plan view of the sensor arrangement from FIG. 2;

FIG. 4 shows a basic illustration of a sensor arrangement;

FIG. 5 shows a further basic illustration of an alternative embodiment of a sensor arrangement with three sensor units;

FIG. 6 shows a basic sectional view with an alternative sensor arrangement, a terminating element and a penultimate optical element, in the beam direction, of a lens for immersion lithography; and

FIG. 7 shows a simplified perspective view of a part of the sensor arrangement from FIG. 6.

FIG. 1 shows a lens which is embodied as a lithography lens 1, which is suitable for immersion lithography, in particular, but can also be used for other types of lithography and also for other purposes. The lens 1 can be used as projection lens in a projection exposure apparatus for producing semiconductor components with an illumination system. Since immersion lithography is known per se, this method is not discussed in any greater detail herein. The lithography lens 1 has an extremely schematically indicated lens housing 2 as load-bearing structural element, within which a plurality of optical elements are arranged in a manner known per se. FIG. 1 illustrates only a first, penultimate optical element 3 a in the beam direction and a terminating element 3 b as second optical element. The optical elements 3 a, 3 b are respectively arranged in a mount or holder 4 a, 4 b. In the present exemplary embodiment, the terminating element 3 b is embodied in exchangeable fashion (not illustrated in any greater detail) and the penultimate optical element 3 a in the beam direction, which optical element is disposed downstream of the terminating element 3 b in the direction of the optical axis (z axis), is fixedly connected to the lens housing 2.

A first and a second sensor arrangement 5 a, 5 b each having four capacitive sensor units 6 a, 6 b (see FIGS. 2 to 4) are provided for determining a relative position in the x and y directions, that is to say perpendicular to the beam direction or to the optical axis (z axis), between the penultimate optical element 3 a in the beam direction and the terminating element 3 b. The sensor arrangements 5 a, 5 b make their measurement data available to further, in particular external devices, such as, for example, controllers or the like (not illustrated). During the measurement, averaging methods known from capacitive metrology can be used for eliminating or filtering the electronic noise. In further exemplary embodiments, inductive sensor units could also be provided. Both static electric/magnetic fields and alternating fields can be used. Furthermore, in other exemplary embodiments, a relative position determination could also be carried out between the lens housing 2 as load-bearing structural element and the terminating element 3 b by means of corresponding sensor arrangements (not illustrated). For this purpose, the lens housing 2 could be provided with corresponding reference surfaces.

The first sensor arrangement 5 a is oriented relative to the lens 1 or the lens housing 2 thereof or the first optical element 3 a fixedly connected to the lens housing 2, wherein the second sensor arrangement 5 b is arranged relative to the first sensor arrangement 5 a in a fixedly predetermined or precisely known position.

For determining the relative position between the first optical element 3 a fixedly connected to the lens housing 2 and the exchangeable terminating element 3 b or between the lens housing 2 as structural element and the exchangeable terminating element 3 b in the lens 1, in a first step, then, the first sensor arrangement 5 a measures the position of the first sensor arrangement 5 a and of the second sensor arrangement 5 b relative to the first optical element 3 a or, in a further exemplary embodiment, to the lens housing 2, after which, in a second step, the second sensor arrangement 5 b measures the position of the terminating element 3 b relative to the second sensor arrangement 5 b and after which, in a third step, the position of the terminating element 3 b in the x and y directions relative to the first optical element 3 a or to the lens housing 2 is determined from the measurement results.

The measurement results determined continuously by means of the sensor arrangement 5 b are then used for accurate positioning of the exchangeable terminating element 3 b in the lens 1 in the event of an exchange. With the aid of a vibration-decoupled positioning device having force-controlled manipulators (e.g. Lorentz actuators or the like), the exchangeable terminating element 3 b is positioned in six degrees of freedom after a previous coarse adjustment (not illustrated). The measurement results can also be made available directly to the positioning regulation.

As can furthermore be seen from FIG. 1, the sensor arrangements 5 a, 5 b measure the optical elements 3 a, 3 b on the basis of the holders or mounts 4 a, 4 b. In further exemplary embodiments, the optical elements 3 a, 3 b can also be measured directly. The holders or mounts 4 a, 4 b and the sensor arrangements 5 a, 5 b are only indicated extremely schematically in FIG. 1.

FIG. 2 shows a further embodiment—illustrated in a greatly simplified manner—of a first sensor arrangement 5 a and a second sensor arrangement 5 b, which determine a relative position in the x and y directions between the first optical element 3 a and the terminating element 3 b. For this purpose, capacitive sensor units 6 a and 6 b are applied on an electrically insulating substrate ring 7 composed of a material having a low coefficient of thermal expansion. By means of the capacitive (or inductive) measurement, an averaging is already effected in an advantageous manner on account of the planar sensor units 6 a, 6 b. In the present exemplary embodiment, the material of the substrate ring 7 is Zerodur. In further exemplary embodiments, glass, ceramic, quartz or further glass ceramics could also be provided as material. The sensor units 6 a, 6 b are preferably applied as gold electrodes on the electrically insulating substrate ring 7 by vapor deposition.

In a further exemplary embodiment, the optical elements 3 a, 3 b could also be provided with preferably vapor-deposited metallic areas in their peripheral regions which face the sensor units 6 a, 6 b. Particularly in the case of inductive sensors, metal layers acting like coils could be applied.

FIG. 3 illustrates the sensor arrangements 5 a, 5 b again in a plan view.

As can be seen from FIG. 3, the first sensor arrangement 5 a and the second sensor arrangement 5 b have in each case four sensor units 6 a, 6 b arranged at uniform distances around the periphery of the substrate ring 7 or of the optical elements 3 a, 3 b. 360° can thereby be covered. The optical elements 3 a, 3 b are not illustrated in FIG. 3. The gap between the reference surfaces of the optical elements 3 a, 3 b and the inner diameter of the substrate ring 7 can be set in order to achieve corresponding measurement resolutions. In order to calibrate the concentricity deviations between measuring surfaces 6 a and 6 b of the substrate ring 7, a reference object can be introduced into the substrate ring 7 in a simple and advantageous manner, after which a plurality of measuring operations with subsequent rotations of the reference object through 180° are carried out. Half the difference between two measurements yields the concentricity of the reference object. Half the sum of two measurements yields the concentricity error of the substrate ring 7. This can be repeated a number of times in order to eliminate random measuring errors and to determine a calibration value for future measurements.

FIG. 4 again illustrates the sensor arrangement 5 b with the optical element 3 b and the capacitive sensor units 6 b. Accuracies in Δx and Δy of 1 μm to 10 nm are achieved in the capacitive measurement.

A further embodiment of a sensor arrangement 5 b′ with only three capacitive sensor units 6 b′ is illustrated in a simplified manner in FIG. 5. As an alternative, inductive sensor units could also be provided (represented by dashed lines as coils 6 b″ in FIG. 5). The position of the optical element can be determined by the measurement of the only three capacitance or inductance values, for example by means of a look-up table, suitable calibration curves or the like. The sensors units 6 b′, 6 b″ are preferably arranged at in each case 120° around the optical element 3 b, such that the optical element 3 b is advantageously arranged, in the case of a central positioning, essentially at the centroid of an equilateral triangle defined by the midpoints of the sensor units 6 b′, 6 b″. In the case of a different arrangement, correspondingly deviating calibration curves result for the position determination.

It goes without saying that the precise positioning can be performed analogously to FIG. 2 also in the z direction and in the rx and ry directions (that is to say rotation about the x axis and y axis). Such an arrangement is illustrated likewise in a greatly simplified manner in FIG. 6. For this purpose, a first and a second sensor arrangement 5 c, 5 d having in each case four capacitive sensor units 61 c to 64 c and 61 d to 64 d (for the terminating element 3 b, also see FIG. 7) are provided between the penultimate optical element 3 a in the beam direction and the terminating element 3 b. The position determination in the z direction results in a simplified manner from

$\frac{{\overset{\rightharpoonup}{C}}_{61\; d} + {\overset{\rightharpoonup}{C}}_{62\; d} + {\overset{\rightharpoonup}{C}}_{63\; d} + {\overset{\rightharpoonup}{C}}_{64\; d}}{4},$ where {right arrow over (C)}_(i) represent the measured values of the associated sensor units 61 d to 64 d (for example in nm). The position determination in the rx direction in this case results from

$\frac{{\overset{\rightharpoonup}{C}}_{63\; d} - {\overset{\rightharpoonup}{C}}_{61\; d}}{2},$ and in the ry direction from

$\frac{{\overset{\rightharpoonup}{C}}_{62\; d} - {\overset{\rightharpoonup}{C}}_{64\; d}}{2}.$ 

The invention claimed is:
 1. A lens, comprising: a housing; a plurality of optical elements disposed in the housing, the plurality of optical elements comprising first and second optical elements; a first sensor arrangement comprising an electrode; and a substrate supporting the electrode, wherein the first sensor arrangement is configured to determine a relative position between: a) the first optical element and the second optical element; and/or b) the second optical element and a load-bearing structural element of the first optical element.
 2. The lens of claim 1, wherein first sensor arrangement comprises a capacitive sensor unit, and the capacitive sensor unit comprises the electrode.
 3. The lens of claim 1, wherein first sensor arrangement comprises an inductive sensor unit, and the inductive sensor unit comprises the electrode.
 4. The lens of claim 1, wherein the first sensor arrangement is configured so that, during use of the lens, the sensor arrangement determines the relative position in both directions in a horizontal plane perpendicular to a beam direction.
 5. The lens of claim 1, wherein the first sensor arrangement is configured to determine the relative position between the second optical element and the load-bearing structural element of the first optical element.
 6. The lens of claim 5, wherein the load-bearing structural element of the first optical element comprises the housing.
 7. The lens of claim 1, further comprising second and third sensor arrangements, wherein each of the first, second and third sensor arrangements comprises a capacitive sensor arrangement.
 8. The lens of claim 7, wherein the first, second and third sensor arrangements are arranged at uniform distances around the first optical element and/or the second optical element.
 9. The lens of claim 1, wherein the second optical element is exchangeable.
 10. The lens of claim 1, wherein the second optical element is an exchangeable terminating optical element of the lens.
 11. The lens of claim 10, wherein the first optical element is an optical element arranged upstream of the exchangeable terminating optical element in a direction of an optical axis of the lens.
 12. The lens of claim 11, wherein the first optical element is fixed relative to the housing.
 13. The lens of claim 12, further comprising a second sensor arrangement.
 14. The lens of claim 13, wherein each of the first and second sensor arrangements comprises four capacitive sensor units.
 15. The lens of claim 14, wherein the first sensor arrangement is oriented relative to the lens, and the second sensor arrangement is disposed in a fixed position relative to the first sensor arrangement.
 16. The lens of claim 1, wherein the first optical element is fixed relative to the housing.
 17. The lens of claim 1, wherein the substrate is ring-shaped, and the first sensor arrangement is disposed on the substrate.
 18. The lens of claim 17, wherein the substrate comprises a material having a low coefficient of thermal expansion.
 19. The lens of claim 17, wherein the substrate comprises a material selected from the group consisting of glass, ceramic, quartz and glass ceramic.
 20. The lens of claim 1, wherein the substrate comprises a material having a low coefficient of thermal expansion.
 21. The lens of claim 1, wherein the substrate comprises a material selected from the group consisting of glass, ceramic, quartz and glass ceramic.
 22. The lens of claim 1, wherein the lens is a microlithography projection lens.
 23. The lens of claim 1, wherein the lens is an immersion microlithography projection lens.
 24. The lens of claim 1, wherein the electrically insulating substrate is ring-shaped.
 25. The lens of claim 1, wherein the electrode comprises an electrically conducting material.
 26. The lens of claim 1, wherein the electrode comprises metal.
 27. The lens of claim 1, wherein the first sensor arrangement is configured to determine the relative position between the first optical element and the second optical element.
 28. An apparatus, comprising: an illumination system; and a lens according to claim 1, wherein the apparatus is a projection exposure apparatus.
 29. A method of using a projection exposure apparatus comprising an illumination system and a lens, the method comprising: using the illumination system to illuminate a mask; and using the lens to project an image of the illuminated mask onto a light-sensitive material, wherein the lens comprises a lens according to claim
 1. 30. A method, comprising: a) providing a lens, comprising: a housing; a plurality of optical elements disposed in the housing, the plurality of optical elements comprising first and second optical elements; a first sensor arrangement comprising a first electrode; second sensor arrangement comprising a second electrode; and a substrate supporting the first and second electrodes; b) using the first sensor arrangement to determine a position of the first sensor arrangement relative to the first optical element or to the housing; c) after b), using the second sensor arrangement to determine a position of the second optical element relative to the second sensor arrangement; and d) after c), using information from b) and c) to determine a position of the second optical element relative to the first optical element or to the housing.
 31. The method of claim 30, wherein the second optical element is a terminating optical element of the lens.
 32. The method of claim 31, wherein the first optical element is fixed relative to the housing, and the method further comprises positioning the second optical element via a positioning device comprising force-controlled manipulators in six degrees of freedom based on the relative position of the terminating element with respect to the first optical element.
 33. The method of claim 30, wherein the first optical element is fixed relative to the housing, and the method further comprises positioning the second optical element via a positioning device comprising force-controlled manipulators in six degrees of freedom based on the relative position of the terminating element with respect to the first optical element. 